you can characterise a rock/mineral by several ways;
These are:
Habit- shape of minerals/rock
Colour - can be used for some minerals but is inacurate as mineral can be found in many colours
Hardness- mohos scale of hardness measures ressistance to scratching, the scale ranges from 1-10
Lustre- ability to reflect light
Specific gravity- ratio of mass of a mineral compared with the mass of an equal volume of water
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